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Lycopodium obscurum
''Lycopodium obscurum'', commonly called rare clubmoss, ground pine,〔 prince's pine or princess pine,〔 is North American a species of clubmoss in the family Lycopodiaceae.〔Merritt Lyndon Fernald. 1954. Gray's Manual of Botany A Handbook of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Central and Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.〕 It is a close relative of other treelike ''Lycopodium'' such as ''L. dendroideum'' and ''L. hickeyi''. It is native to the eastern United States and southeastern Canada from Georgia to Minnesota to Nova Scotia.〔(Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map, ''Dendrolycopodium obscurum'' )〕 It grows in the understory of temperate coniferous and deciduous forests, where it is involved in seral secondary succession, growing in clonal colonies some years after disturbance has occurred.〔 It has also been found in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Russian Far East, and northeastern China.〔(Family Lycopodiaceae, genus ''Lycopodium''; world species list )〕〔(Flora of China, ''Lycopodium obscurum'' Linnaeus, 1753. 玉柏 yu bai )〕
==Description==
''Lycopodium obscurum'' is known for the superficial resemblance of its sporophyte to various conifers. However, its above-ground parts are rarely more than 15 cm (6 inches) tall. Its main stem is actually a subterranean, creeping rhizome, which grows about 6 cm (2.4 inches) below ground. Several aerial shoots branch off of the rhizome, which also branch dichotomously several times, giving ''L. obscurum'' its distinctive appearance. Fertile shoots possess sessile strobili, borne at the tops of their main axes and sometimes at the tips of dominant lateral branches. The leaves are microphylls, each containing only a single vein and measuring less than 1 cm (0.4 inches) long. Two types of microphylls are formed, green trophophylls that cover most of the aerial shoots, and yellow to tan sporophylls that form the strobili, and contain the sporangia. ''L. obscurum'' reproduces sexually via spores and also vegetatively, through its rhizome.〔(Flora of North America, ''Lycopodium obscurum'' Linnaeus, 1753. )〕
The gametophyte of ''L. obscurum'' is disc shaped prothallus,〔 measuring an average of 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) in diameter.〔 It closely resembles other gametophytes of genus ''Lycopodium'', so it cannot be identified by gametophyte alone. Doing so would be difficult nonetheless, as this type of gametophyte grows only underground, years after a disturbance has taken place.〔 Therefore, the compact soil caused by repeated human traffic would disturb these areas, causing ''L. obscurum'' spores not to germinate and existing gametophyes to be damaged or killed.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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